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SUPPLEMENT TO THE WINCHESTER REPUBLICAN, JULY 13,1S27- 





ROBERT Y. CONRAD, Esq. 


PRONOUNCED IN THE KENT-STREET PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, WINCHESTER, 


JULY 4, 1827. 




sr 


DAVID W. BARTON, Esq. 


PRONOUNCED IN THE LUTHERAN CHURCH, NEWTOWN-STEPHENSBURG, 




JULY 4,1827, 






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WINCHESTER, JULY 5, 1827. 

Hir: The committee of arrangement return their thanks to you for your excellent oration, de 
livered on the 4th inst., and respectfully request a copy of it for publication. 

JOSIAH W. WARE, 

JAMES BELL, 

N. L. GORDON, 

SOLOMON T. SPENGLER, 
EB1N MILTON. 


Robert Y. Conrad, Esq. 




THURSDAY, JULY 5, 1827. 

Gentlemen: I have received your communication of to-day, requesting a copy of the address 
which I had the honor of making yesterday, for publication. 

Even the partiality of authorship cannot make me think that it merits this flattering notice. 
The first attempt at this kind of composition by one habitually engaged in very dry and very dif¬ 
ferent studies, cannot be worth preserving. 

A sense of obligation for the kind manner in which I was sustained by my friends in the novel 
situation in which their partiality placed me on yesterday, impels me to conform to their wishes 
at any sacrifice. A copy of the address is therefore committed to you gentlemen, to use as you 
please. 

For your kindly expressed note accept my thanks. 

lam very respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

ROBERT Y. CONRAD. 

Josiah W. Ware, James Bell, JY. L. Gordon, S. P. Spengler, Ebin Milton. 


[Mr. Barton was applied to verbally by the committee, for a copy of his oration,, to whom It 
was immediately handed.] 


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MR. CONRAD’S ORATION. 




FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS: ^ 

It has been the usage of every nation tcfset apart certain times, celebrated in its 
annals or sanctified by its religion, as periods of public festivity,—a custom which a- 
wakes in our bosoms the noble feelings of gratitude and emulation, and preserves in its 
purity the public spirit of a people. The warmest wish of the warrior—the richest re¬ 
ward ol the hero,—is to have his birth-day hailed by his country with benedictions upon 
his memory. And thus are commemorated the glorious achievements of our forefathers 
when we meet on the anniversary of victory, to sympathize again with their sufferings! 
and burn to emulate their deeds. 6 3 

In other countries thU custom has been debased to the vile purposes of servile syco- 
p ancy, or the celebration of scenes of blood impious in motive and useless in conse¬ 
quence : but we, my countrymen, are impelled by a holy and fervent feeling to the cele¬ 
bration of this day: nature prompts in us this public manifestation of pride and grati¬ 
tude. We are not met to gaze upon the glowing path of a Caesar or an Alexander,— 
a mere hero,—the meteor of a moment, leaving no trace of usefulness behindwe 
come not to exult in the recollection of brutal carnage,—to rejoice in fruitless victories 
or vainglorious achievements. No ! we have met, on the birth-day of our country to 
recount the obligations which we owe to God and our ancestors,—to mingle our souls 

heaven-—° ngratU ati ° n WUH the livin ^ in honour t0 the dead ; and fervent gratitude to 


“ And themes like these would ask an angel lyre, 

Language of light, and sentiment of fire.” 

This is the glorious era which marks the first great triumph of light and liberty over 
darkness and despotism. While our country has a name and an existence, the blessings 
which this day brought upon us will be gratefully remembered; and the anniversary of 
the declaration of American independence will in future times be a day of rejoicing to 
lall the nations of the earth. It is the bright and beautiful morning star upon the brow 
ol a long night of darkness and despotism,—the precursor of a glorious dawn of liber¬ 
ty; and we may expect, with confident hope, its meridian sun to shed his beams of light 
and warmth over the whole earth. 5 

Already has the effects of our revolution extended farbeyond the limits of our territory. 
l • America has burst her fetters, and stands regenerated and disenthralled. The 
chain of colonial subjection which fifty years ago bound the new world to the old, has 
scarcely a link left unbroken. In that short period we have become independent of Eu¬ 
rope and her political principles,—have adopted for ourselves new principles and new 
institutions,—and present to the world a continent of freemen, ardently devoted to the 
cause of liberty, and offering up to heaven daily orisons for its success. South America 
has achieved her independence from foreign domination; her patriot sons have deport¬ 
ed themselves nobly in her war of independence. Her chieftains have’supplied by he¬ 
roic valour what they wanted in discipline and experience. She has one whom some. 



have even ventured to assimilate to our Father, Washington. God grant that this proud 
comparison may preserve him steady in his path ! May he gaze upon the moral sublimity 
of our Washington with a constant eye of emulation, and scorning, like him, to be the; 
<{ fool of false dominion/’ and spurning from his brow the dictatorial wreath, deserve and 
receive a monument in his country’s memory, upon which Time will break his scythe. 
Let us hope that South America may be blessed, as we were, with statesmen suited to 
Shi.s important crisis of her political life,—skilful and prudent pilots who may steer her 
vessel of state safely into the port of republicanism. 

But in Europe also the genius of political reformation is at work. The day-spring is 
breaking from the verdant shores of the Mediterranean, to the ice-bound coasts of th'e 
Northern Ocean. Liberal principles are gaining ground in the policy and councils of 
every civilized nation; even where the form and theory of the government is despotic, 
its rulers are compelled to govern with an attentive regard to the enlightened force of 
public sentiment. 

England, whose institutions have been always free in comparison with those of the other 
iiationsof the old world, has recently given evidence of a favourable change in her domestic 
policy. Her proud and narrow-minded aristocracy has been compelled to crouch before the 
frown of public opinion,—to yield the helm of her government to one undistinguished by 
empty title or noble birth—recommended alone by the power of his genius and the libe¬ 
rality of his principles—one of Nature’s nobility. A commoner, obscure in his origin, 
though brilliantly conspicuous in his public career, rules the destinies of Great Britain; 
and a petty ebullition of passion was all that could mark the displeasure of those wlio 
claimed the station by hereditary right. 

With anxiety have we watched the efforts of Greece in her struggle for independence. 
Greece ! endeared to us by every classic association ; the mother of arts,—the cradle of 
science,—-the sparkling fountain of polite literature,—the land of Lycurgus and Leoni¬ 
das, of Homer and Demosthenes. The burning eloquence of her orators—the energy 


and pathos of her poets—the breathing forms and unrivalled architecture of Her artists, 
have been for ages the admiration of the world. Her language has ever been the hand¬ 
maiden of civilization : its flowing periods and beautiful structure have made it the study 
of youth and the recreation of manhood. That land, once of every land the pride, has 
been for centuries the degraded conquest of the Turk; the descendants of her heroes 
have been the bondsmen of the infidel. 


“ Clime of the unforgotten brave! 
Shrine of the mighty! can it be 
That this is all remains of thee ?” 


Who is here so selfish as to deny to Greece his warmest prayer for her success ? What 
American can be found who desires not to see her ancient commonwealth restored,—to 
see her sharing with himself the sweets of liberty ? Not alone in prayers and profes¬ 
sions has this sympathy been shewn. Many of our chivalric youth have for her sake 
and for the cause of liberty, severed the ties of kindred and of country,—have left their 
homes, the delights, the loves, the language of their own native land, to encounter hard¬ 
ship, toil and danger,—to lay their ashes in a foreign soil. r 
Her success is sure. Her sons have aroused from their lethargy, 

“Snatched from the ashes of their sires, j 

The embers of their former fires,” 

and given a Promethean touch to the inanimate beauty of her features. Fighting over 
the graves of their fathers, the monuments of ancient victories, they ivillgwe To Freedom 
a home, or to Glory a grave. They may struggle on through fields of death and years 
of difficulty; generations may smite the dust, but new ones will arise animated with new 
ardour by the voice of blood, and ultimately they must succeed : 

“For Freedom’s battle once begun, 

Bequeathed by bleeding sire to son, 

Though baffled oft, is ever won.” 

The prosperous condition of our happy country next claims our consideration. When 
we survey the nations of the earth, we see some still enveloped in darkness—some just 
struggling into light,—while we are basking in the broad glare of political prosperity— 
deposing safely and luxuriously under the tree of liberty which was planted by the toil 


Itvir 








5 

of our fat ^f rs * Favoured by heaven and envied by earth, our country presents an ag¬ 
gregate of happiness among her citizens, heretofore unknown to the world. 

in the moment of exultation let us not forget, my countrymen, to whom we owe this 
proud distinction. Next to the just and beneficent Great Spirit of the universe,—to whom 
be all honor, and glory, and gratitude,—we owe it to those extraordinary men whom God 
raised up for our emergency,—men whom we are proud to call our Fathers. Let us 
trot, then, be unmindful of our debt—the annual tribute of grateful remembrance. 

If the disembodied spirit is united to this world by one single chord of sympathy, 
this day the hearts of our departed heroes vibrate in unison with ours ; the loud voice 
of their country’s gratitude reaches them even amid the music of the spheres, and gives 
an added charm to the melody. The bright light upon Freedom’s altar, around which 
their sons are rejoicing, adds a hue to the rainbow joys of heaven. They look down 
upon us with the approving smile of paternal affection. Fancy’s eye may see the group 
—mortal pencil could not depict it. Mark the noble presence of Patrick Henry, who 
more than half a century ago, exhorted his countrymen to begin the great work of erect- 
| |ng a temple to 1-berty; the “forest-born Demosthenes,” who hurled the thunderbolts of 
ins eloquence at the battlements of tyranny, till not one stone upon another remained to 
disgrace his native soil. And there “the stoic Franklin’s energetic shade,”—he who 
snatched the lightnings from heaven, and the sceptre from the tyrant,—who shed upon 
the world the mingled light of liberty and science. Near him stand two venerable men, 
who but lately left us to join their compatriots. On the last—the fiftieth anniversary of 
this day—the great jubilee—when the trumpet of rejoicing rung with its loudest notes— 
when the altar blazed with its brightest flame, and the delighted nation was breathing its 
incense, they took their triumphant flight together; majestically rising on wings of immor¬ 
tality, were borne to the abodes of the favourites of heaven and the benefactors of mankind 
A bright host of others are there, whose names gratitude has engraven upon our memo- 
| ries in traces which time can never obliterate. But who is that godlike shade in the 
I midst of them, whom they seem to gather around with filial affection ? His eye is beam¬ 
ing with the most ardent benevolence; his noble features an* illuminated with the smile 
of a seraph; with outstretched arms he pronounces a blessing upon his country, and a 
prayer for her enduring prosperity. 

They have left us, my countrymen, but they live in our memories. They are gone; 
but like the bright star which decks the azure brow of night, they fell streaming with a 
blaze of glory. 

“ Hail! all hail, the patriot’s grave! 

Valour’s venerable bed! 

Hail! the memory of the brave, 

And the spirits of the dead !” 

,l Time tbeir triumphs shall proclaim, 

And their rich reward be this— 

Immortality of fame! 

Immortality of bliss!” 

There is a time for rejoicing, and that time is the present. The eye of history must be 
i blind—the tongue of tradition silent, when we cease to celebrate the 4th of July with 
I joyful acclamation. 

Venerable men—soldiers of the revolution ! You have witnessed the birth of your 
country’s liberty,—have seen it contending, like the infant Hercules, with the serpent 
emissaries of its malignant step-mother, and strangle the reptiles in its cradle,—have 
watched its steps through lovely infancy and blooming youth : need the voice of one 
who, with his cotemporaries, venerates your grey hairs and envies your lot, bid you re¬ 
joice at its prosperous and vigorous manhood ? 

Citizen soldiers! This day you have unfurled the banner of your country to the 
winds of heaven. The “spirit-stirring” music of your fife and drum has called us out 
to the jubilee. You are arrayed in the garb of soldiers, and celebrate this day with ap¬ 
propriate martial pomp. All this cannot be the heartless parade of ostentation. These 
associations strike the chords of our noblest feelings, and vibrate every sympathy of our 
souls. We resolve, fellow-soldiers, in our hearts, that that banner shall continue to wave 
over us as freemen, or shroud us as dead. Remember that this banner floated over the 
hard fought fields of the revolution. That eagle was then scarcely fledged: nestled in 
the wilds of America, the noble nature of the bird was unknown: but, nourished by 


V 




6 ' 


'iie hands oi heroes, he grew in proud superiority; he rose and hovers over his native 
mountains, the terror of foes—the protection of friends—the admiration of all: 

“Broad to the sun his kindling breast he turns, 

I ill ail his plumage in the radiance burns: 

His boundless vision beams from pole to pole, 

Where empires flourish, and where oceans roll.” 

Matrons and Maidens! It becomes you also to rejoice. While in a large portion of 
lie world lovely woman is the slave of a slave, here, in this land of Heaven’s peculiar 
grace, it is her happy lot to be the friend, the companion of freemen. Her sons are not 
born to be the playthings of a despot, but tread their wild mountains and luxuriant 
plains in all the pride of freedom ; .nursed in the devotion of liberty, which their fa¬ 
thers fought for and bequeathed—a “ noble heritage of heart and hand.” Woman con-j 
tributed much to erect this temple of liberty, and she stands the Corinthian pillar of the! 
edifice,—at once its firmest support and most beautiful ornament. Our mothers nerved I 
the arm and fired the ardour of the revolutionary hero. They gave up all in the hour 
of their country’s need. The wife with heroic fortitude girded the sword upon her hus*| 
band and bade him to the battle, while she remained at home in voluntary widowhood} 
praying for success. The holy light of the maiden’s love, the fervent flame of maternal! 
affection, were all merged in the universal blaze of patriotism. Rejoice, then, ye fair, 
or tenfold have you been rewarded for this heroism of your sex. 


“ Here woman reigns: the mother, daughter, wife 
Strew with fresh flowers the narrow way of life; 
In the clear heaven of her delightful eye, 

An angel guard of loves and graces lie ; 

Around her knees domestic duties meet, 

And fire-side pleasures gambol at her feet.” 


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Mil. BARTON’S ORATION. 


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in obedience to established usage and to the suggestions of our own feelings, we have 
assembled, fellow-citizens, to celebrate an important national event, and to observe ill) 
anniversary with some suitable manifestations of respect. With one accord, and with 
united hearts, we have come up to this sacred place, to offer the incense of thanksgiving 
and praise to that Being “who presides over the destiny of nations,”—to render some 
just tiibuta of homage to the memory of our fathers, the honored instruments of our 
emancipation, to rekindle the flame of patriotic devotion at this living altar, and to 
mingle our congratulations and rejoicings over the happy condition and the cheering 
prospects of our common country. We have abundant reason to rejoice , for “we are 
•rowned with innumerable benefits, and our cup runs over with blessings.” We have 
cause to be thankful , for “the God of our fathers,” who laid bare his arm of power and 
stretched forth his hand of deliverance in the day of their necessity, has vouchsafed to 
vs his continued protection, and is now visible in the countless mercies dispensed with 
such liberal profusion over this chosen land. On this day, too, when the national harp 
• attuned to notes of triumph, .and the songs of mirth and gladness are heard through- 
0Ui ' borders,-*-iyhen Plenty is pouring from her exhaustless horn the abundant pro- 


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I c ‘ aL , ls °* a § ricu ^ural skill and commercial enterprise, and we are permitted to set fearless 
and unmolested under the thick covert of wise and beneficent laws,—it becomes us to 
lemember with peculiar gratitude the venerable Fathers of our republic,—those met! of 
! other times, whose consummate wisdom and unexampled virtues purchased these bles¬ 
sings tor us, and rendered this a day “ of joy and not of sorrow ” Here, too, may the 
patriot come to renew the covenant of his allegiance, and to animate the ardour of his 
i u Ve; t0 V n L at star-spangled banner,—these symbols of rejoicing,—this unusual assem¬ 
blage, and this genera! suspension of the common employments of life,—are commemora¬ 
tive of his country's birth. 

On this day, fitty-one years since, the existence of these United States in the new atti¬ 
tude of a free and independent nation, was first proclaimed to their exulting subjects, 
ft was a glorious and a triumphant annunciation ! To the world this day was born a 
new people, who, springing at once with matchless growth and unprecedented rapidity, 
from helpless infancy to vigorous manhood, have already assumed their high and equal 
rank in the great family of nations! To the western continent this day was born a new 
I dominion , which, rising in the majesty of its own inherent strength, and with the resist¬ 
less energy of truth and reason, has disclaimed the divine prerogative of sceptred lords 
and cast off the ignominious chains of European vassalage. To the politician this day 
was born a new sovereignty ; a sovereignty of which no visionary theorist or Utopian 
dreamer ever conceived,-the original, absolute and inextinguishable sovereignty of the 
people. 1 o the philanthropist this day has been erected a spacious temple, to whose ex¬ 
tended courts and open sanctuary the persecuted and oppressed of human kind may fly 
foi tefuge and security. To us this day was born a government of laws,—a government 
of freedom and equality,—a government contrived with such singular felicity, that every 
citizen is at the same instant the governed and the governor, the subject and the sove- 
reign,—a government which has its deep foundations laid on the unchangeable principles 
*d human nature, and is built up with the imperishable materials of reason and right. 
Well may we rejoice at this glorious birth ! Well may we be grateful to the Giver of 
all good for this surpassing proof of his munificence! Well may the erection of this new 
and admirable dynasty be, as it will ever be, the theme of ceaseless celebration to its 
happy subjects, and this memorable day 

“ Be honored still in distant lands. 

And hallowed here at home.” 

If the lights of history and tradition could be suddenly extinguished ; if the simple an- 
nals of our colonial existence, as well as the more dignified details of our national affairs 
could be for a moment forgotten; if the origin of our conflict with the mother country ’ 
and the various incidents of our revolutionary struggle could be obliterated from the re¬ 
cords of time, and no living witness «'ere left of all that band of patriots who saw and 
shared the perils and the trials of that eventful period,—the rise, progress and past du¬ 
ration of this empire would be subjects of curious conjecture and deeply interesting 
speculation. Were we to regard merely the actual condition of the United States at 
this moment—to consider the number of their pop ilation—the extent of their financial 
resources—their agricultural wealth and commercial enterprise—their advancement in 
science and proficiency in the arts,—we might conclude with great apparent reason, that 
time only could have perfected so wonderful a work, and that"this magnificent structure 
of liberty, with its various and beautiful appendages, must have been the slow result of 
the united genius and conspiring energies of successive generations of men. In survey¬ 
ing our public and social institutions, and all the multiplied monuments of our national 
greatness, well may imagination pass over the weak endeavours and the poor promise of 
“ these degenerate days,” and travel back to ages of remote antiquity to find the origin 
of this venerable people I With what profound research and keen sagacity might not 
the political philosopher, in contemplating the solid fabric of this secure dominion, at¬ 
tempt to pierce the veil of years, and to search for the “ seeds of empire” in some long- 
forgotten age. With what patriotic enthusiasm and poetic rapture might not some child 
of fancy, while surveying the large dimensions, and the full and perfect maturity of our 
social system, attempt to conjure up soinp bright vision of our patriarchal days, and to 
portray in glowing colors the imaginary incidents of our fabulous history. 

But with us there is no need of idle speculation or of vain imagining. No vague tradi¬ 
tion or uncertain history recounts the story of our birth. No musty or time-worn chro 



8 

hide cftftitains the registry ©f our origin. No veil of long-drawn years is interposed be* 
tween Us and the full knowledge of our earliest existence. The sublime and interesting 
truths of our political creation are revealed in all the brightness of absolute certainty: 
they shine on the fresh page of recent history: they are blazoned forth in ten thousand 
public memorials, and in the still remaining trophies of victory: they were taught to 
us in childhood as a lesson of sacred and unquestionable truth: they are engraven on 
our hearts in indelible characters by the hands of our fathers: they are preserved as a 
precious treasure in the memory of these living men who were actors in the fearful trage* 
dy. The mighty work which no unaided human intelligence could have projected, and 
nothing short of prophetic inspiration have presaged, has been accomplished by our im¬ 
mediate ancestors, within the brief period of half a century. This sovereign people 
who are already robed in the vesture of age, and exult in the sinewy strength and the 
full stature ol the perfect man, are still in their very pupillage. This anomalous gov¬ 
ernment, which controls with such mild and salutary sway, the destinies of this immense 
population,—these solid civil institutions which promise to survive the wreck of many a 
splendid monarchy,—these trophies of genius and of taste which grace and ennoble our ( 
national character,—and these monuments of art which enrich and decorate the land,— 
are all the works of infant artificers. Wonderful indeed, above all earthly wonders, 
has been the rapidity of our march, and estimable indeed, above all common price, the 
glory of the conquest we have achieved. 

That an unknown and unexplored wilderness whose very existence had been but re¬ 
cently disclosed, situated in a new world ,—at an almost immeasurable distance from the 
seats of intelligence and the abodes of civilization ,—with a wide expanse of trackless 
ocean intervening,—should, in the comparatively short period of little more than two cen¬ 
turies, teem through its widest limits with the abundant fruits of well-directed industry- 
should be divested of its impassable thickets and impenetrable forests—should be check¬ 
ered with towns, and villages and farms,and should rejoice in the rich verdure and the va¬ 
ried beauties of skilful cultivation—should be cleansed of its moral and religious impu¬ 
rities, and illumined with the genial light of the Christian dispensation—should be inhabi¬ 
ted by twelve millions of rational and enlightened people—and that that people should 
be exalted to the highest eminence of national felicity,—are authentic truths which may 
reasonably fill our minds with admiration and astonishment. 

Let us turn, then, for a moment, to the unpolished pages of our early annals, and see 
through what severe trials, and disheartening crosses, and disastrous accidents, this 
“ march of mind” has been conducted, and this nation advanced t© its present condition 
of unequalled prosperity. Prior to the year 1607, the sacred soil of the “ Ancient 
Dominion” had never been trodden by the foot of civilized man,—unless, indeed, some 
luckless mariner roving in these western seas, may have been wrecked, and have peiish- 
ed with his discoveries upon its inhospitable shores. The existence of a new continent 
had indeed been disclosed for more than a century before, and the curiosity of science 
and the enterprise of commerce had often essayed to cross the untravelled deep to ex¬ 
plore the hidden treasures of these extensive regions. Spain, France, England,Vortu- 
gal, and all the other maritime states of Europe, had successively sent forth their bands 
of avaricious or romantic adventurers to accumulate wealth, or to gather laurels in these 
distant wilds. About the close of the fifteenth century this hemisphere was first visited 
by Christopher Columbus. Iir the year 1496 an enterprising merchant of Bristol was 
commissioned by Henry VII. the reigning monarch of England, to sail westward in search 
of some direct communication with the East India islands. Reaching the American 
continent towards its northern extremity, he steered along the Atlantic coast until he ar¬ 
rived in the latitude, and possibly within sight of Virginia, when disappointed in finding 
the expected avenue to the I acific ocean, lie abandoned the expedition and returned to 
Europe. 

At that day the permanent colonization of this country seems not to have been serious- ! 
!y contemplated by its European proprietors; nor in truth was the prospect of success 
sufficiently flattering to induce or to justify the experiment. That a colonv could be 
planted here in the desert, at an infinite distance from the parent stalk, and, without the 
constant application of some fostering hand, and the expenditure of large sums of mo¬ 
ney in its support, could flourish to such an extent as by a reciprocal commerce and an 
interchange oi products, to augment the revenue and enhance the political importance of 



9 

the mother country, was a contingency apparently as remote as it was obviously uncer¬ 
tain. No other immediate benefit was expected to accrue to Europe from the labours of 
Columbus than the discovery of some shorter and safer channel than that in which she 
had been accustomed to conduct her Asiatic trade. The frustration of that hope, and 
the occurrence of some untoward political events about the same time, conspired to abate 
the spirit of adventure, and to retard the further progress of discovery. For a long lapse 
of tedious years no new attempt was made to dispel the darkness or disturb the death¬ 
like repose of this vast solitude. That glorious destiny which we are now fulfilling had 
not yet been pronounced ! This boundless region still continued as it came from the 
hands of its Creator, unaltered in its moral or physical condition ! Nature was suffered 
still to wield her sceptre over an undisputed dominion. No sound of axe, or ploughman’s 
song, or noise of busy art, then broke upon the stillness of this wide-spread wilderness. 
The savage roamed with vagrant feet and reckless indifference over an interminable 
waste, and a thick cloud of spiritual darkness shrouded the land ! But the day of re¬ 
generation was not far distant! A light which shone in the east, and a “ still, small 
voice” heard across the waters, announced the advent of social man, and the rising of 
(the sun of moral and intellectual refinement. That sun was rising in its fullest splendour 
—destined to diffuse its salutary warmth through the cold recesses of the heathen world, 
where no ray of moral heat had ever yet been felt,—destined to shine into the dark a- 
; bodes of human ignorance, where no beam of intellectual light had ever penetrated,— 
destined to animate the wilds and to people the solitary places of the desert, which no 
eye of civilized man had ever seen,—destined to shine on with increasing splendour, until 
under its beneficent influence a new nation should rise up to avenge the violated rights 
of man, and to illustrate the blessings of a free government and of liberal laws ! That 
high destiny has been fulfilled ! Its accomplishment may be read in the recorded history 
of this flourishing empire. 

I might here detain you with a tedious detail of the perilous adventures, the incredible 
(sufferings, and the unexampled privations of the first colonists at Jamestown. 1 might 
rehearse to you a long narrative of Indian wars, and sanguinary battles, and treacherous 
surprises, and inhuman massacres. I might recount to you, from the records of that 
day, many a tale of female heroism—many a feat of virtuous chivalry and romantic 
valour—and many an example of imminent hazard and miraculous escape. And above 
all, l might copy from some shining page an interesting portraiture of the stern and quiet 
resignation of the captive Smith, and the beaming benevolence and timely interposition 
of his angel deliverer. 

But theSfe, though subjects of deep interest to the American reader, are themes upon 
which it would be impertinent to the occasion which convenes us, now to dwell. The 
day we celebrate is consecrated to more important recollections. A wider field of his¬ 
tory is spread before us, upon whose extended surface, while on the one hand may be 
seen no less “ frightful forms” of human suffering, and of sore privation, and of base 
treachery, and of sanguinary strife,—on the other shine no fewer images of gallant 
bearing and heroic intrepidity,—no fewer “ deeds of high emprise,”—and a no less 
providential deliverance from impending ruin. 

Let us open, then, the ample volume of our revolutionary history, and hastily review 
the origin and issue of that tremendous conflict, to whose successful termination, as a 
people, we owe all that is grateful to our memories in the.recollection of the past, all that 
is dear to our hearts in the enjoyment of the present, and all that is bright and cheering 
to our hopes in the promises of the future. 

The position of our affairs in the year 1776—the nature and extent of our connexion 
with Great Britain—the dark picture of her unnatural usurpations—and the long catalogue 
of wrongs which finally impelled the colonies to a convulsive severance of kindred ties, 
_ are presented in bold relief and strong lineaments on the face of that eloquent mani¬ 
festo which has just been read to you. The American revolution has been unjustly im¬ 
puted to some sudden and capricious ebullition of popular frenzy—to a restless love of 
innovation—and to a sensitive pride and a refractory spirit engendered by the conscious¬ 
ness of our growing population and increasing prosperity. And if the actual facts of 
that transaction had never been developed, and we were constrained to walk on mere 
speculative ground, we might be willing to concede that this was at least a very plausi¬ 
ble theory. That an enlightened people, nurtured in the very school of liberty, and ire* 






10 

bued with an almost instinctive devotion to free government—inhabiting this remote 
and secluded extremity of the world—possessed within themselves of all the appliances 
of comfortable life, and all the means of national prosperity—with sufficient vigour to 
lesist the utmost efforts of domestic foes—and sequestered by space and ocean from the 
unholy strife of commercial avarice and imperial ambitionthat a people thus self- 
possessed, self-dependant, self-sufficient, should fondly aspire to some higher destiny than 
colonial vassalage—and should become restive and impatient of the hand of foreign 
domination, however lightly imposed,—is by no means an extraordinary supposition. 
i>ut are there not other causes to which our difference with England may be fairly at¬ 
tributed ? Is all that we have seen and heard of British tyranny a mere fanciful picture 
or legendary tale? Is there no truth in unimpeached history? Is there no truth in the 
public records and the private documents of that day, fraught as they are with attesta¬ 
tions of parental cruelty, and stained as they are with the horrors of unnatural war? Is 
no faith due to the concurrent testimony of these veteran patriots who have survived 
the shock of the revolution, and who now stand here to bear witness against the demon 
of the tempest . Is there no truth in the deep-toned and indignant declarations of this 
instrument, m support of whose statements, as well as in maintenance of its principled 
that precious corps of worthies,” selected from the virtue, and wisdom, and chivalry ot 
honor"?” mUtUa y pled S ed t0 each othe r their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred’ 

To review the protracted enumeration of wrongs detailed in this venerable paper, and 
31 eng UP ?? the SCVeral s P ecific char S es of usurpation preferred against 

the mother country, would be an unwarrantable occupation of your time. But we will 
riefly advert to that little act of British injustice which first infringed the chartered rights 
? oIonies > a £ d which seems to have been designed by the insidious usurper as the 
and mn^ . whlch was ^dually to open the way for the introduction of larger 

trans"af mstruments of vexation and tyranny. The imposition of taxes by a 
moZ thl l v ^ e ! 1 ! la !. ure ’ ln wh , Ich the col °™s had no voice or representation, was a- 
es tab) i shmpni 1 f! a ! I0 : S 0f f bat P ernicious P° lic y which had “in direct object the 

ta n-comnnLd °ver these states.” The parliament of Great Bri- 

Endand-^nor 7 doa ? estk subjects-convened in the distant metropolis oi 
• g i fe no ^ ant the wants, thf> interests and the pecuniary exigencies of the colo- 
mes^undenoofc, nevertlieless, in (he plenitude of their own “absolute discretion and 
unbounded authority, to exact from the purses of our people a yearly, monthly, week¬ 
ly, nay daily contribution to their own peculiar pockets to coerce us, by the dread 

in,taT“f °h 3 S ° em " “i 0 ' ° f Bn “f h le 8 islation > 10 aid in plenishing a revenue, which 
instead of being returned to us in the compensatory shape of public benefactions or use- 

, ?' '" / ’ P / r °r i ’? entS T thln °, ur borders ’ was ,0 be employed in the extinguishment of some 
English debt—in the conduct of some unrighteous war at home—or for audit we knew 
in the construction of new instruments of outrage, or the forging of other chains to bind 
us down to a more penal servitude and a still more vile humiliation. We might iiis fv 
our resistance to this iniquitous encroachment by an appeal to the cardinal rights If hif 
man nature; we might indulge ourselves in an abstract rlisquishioii o Uie frue thoo. J 
of government; we might cite with fearless conlidence, that axiom of social S' 
o^we miiht rrl fol ' ndat ',T 8 -" legitimate government in the consent of the governed- 1 
which on S the oneh P °d he ' ntrlnsl . c J ust,ce anfl essentia! reasonableness of the doctrinle 

«^ t ~sp5.?“iK t is? ^ 


their native land, and their establishment elsewhere a coTnHeavesth PC ° P ! e f "’ m 

where the colonists have voluntarily'teKTh “ ^ 
press and positive release, or by the acceptance of some charter, patent, frStof tZ 





11 


potation, to tvnich some abridgment ot right is distinctly annexed as a condition. Out 
ancestors insisted that in relation to the American colonies, not only had there never 
oeen any express release or implied abandonment of right, but that on the contrary in 
the ro >' al proclamations and letters patent by which the territory of this continent was 
.distributed among the early adventurers, there were guarantied to them, their successors 
land descendants, all privileges, liberties and immunities which belonged to the subject 
riborn and abiding within the realm of England. “By the constitution of England the 
.security of the people from oppressive taxation is guarded by the most studious precau- 
In what do these precautions consist? In this : “ That every law which by the 
i<irennitest construction may be deemed to levy money of the property of the subject, 
i must originate in, and be assented to by, the house of commons ”—that being the popu¬ 
lar branch ot the legislature, and composed of the immediate representatives of the 
people. An eminent eulogist, in commenting on this feature of the British constitution 


observes with great justice and with undeniable truth, “ That the representatives are so 
blended and intermixed with their constituents, that they cannot, without a partiality too 
flagrant to be endured, impose any burthen upon the subject in which they do not share 
i r fomselyes, nor can they adopt any salutary regulation in which their own interests do 
Miot participate of the advantage.” The same writer elsewhere (in allusion to England) 
8 remarks with great apparent complacency, that “every district in the empire Lovs 
toe privilege of choosing representatives informed of the interests, circumstances and 
■ desires of their constituents, and entitled by their office to communicate information to 
$ Jj 1 ? na * lonal ™ unci1: s ° ^ hat the meanest subject has some one on whom he can call to 
e bring forward his complaints and requests to public attention.” Now, if our “ eraciaus 
lords and masters,” the commoners of England, could produce the credentials of their 
pretended authority—could convince us by argument or insinuation, that thev were the 
elect and chosen representatives of the people of Virginia and the sister colonies-that 
they lived within our limits—intermixed with our population—were conversant with our 
circumstances—and were qualified to represent our wants and wishes to the “national 
i <f ounc , ,I » “ we m, § ht aImost agree to desert the whole field of controversy, and to ac¬ 
knowledge that in our case “taxation was no tyranny,” and that resistance was treason 
■i ijUt 11 was no mean avarice or paltry consideration of pecuniary less which promoted 

i T ^.Position to parental minority, and involved u S in all the disastrous consequences 
,1 of Civil discord. 1 he great communion of «t- . Hucuces 


>| of civil discord. The great communion ot interest and the strone svmnathv of fZ 
, subsisting between Great Britain and her colonies, would not have b«n dissolved for “t u 
i and transient causes.” The silken rnr<l« of m ncun,,,,;.:... .l . r u t> ul 


The silken cords of consangnini,,-the endear „g ties of mat 
rtmomal connex.on-and above all, «that filial band, which knits us to our native land *’ 
would not have been torn asunder to spare the payment of any specified amount of 
miserable dollars. But where was the limit to the unrighteous usurpation > What bound? 

i 7 can b *i ty d arr °? ated P°™1 What iodex can he set up in the open sea to direct' 
the vessel of state on her voyage, when the great polar star of “ human right” is no longer 
to be seen, and the chart and the compass of the constitution are abandoned > Our f? 
t iers knew that tyranny was on evil of gradual and progressive increase—that its caree? 
though onward and steady, was often secret and invisible—that “ like the wolf unon Ins 
walk ” it sometimes steals forth in the darkness of midnight to desolate the fold while the 
shepherd is sleeping at Ins post. They had heard that the fetters of despotism were not 
cast whole from the furnace, but were made up of separate and repeated acts of usurpa¬ 
tion ; and they wisely deemed it easier to destroy, while their arms were free, the detach¬ 
ed and scattered links, than it would be to break the chain when it should be finished 
and fastened around them. 

But alter all, where is the necessity of studied argument and laboured vindication > 
The merits of the controversy between Great Britain and her colonies have been long 
since amply discussed and irrevocably settled. “The facts have been submitted to a 
candid world. I he issue has been fairly tried and impartially determined by the great 
tribunal of public opinion, and a verdict of unqualified condemnation has been pronoun¬ 
ced against our proud oppressor. And now our triumph is complete ! YVe have fought 
and conquered, and we have fought and conquered in a righteous cause. No rational 
doubt or scruple ot conscience can arise, to interrupt the universal festivity of this day' 
No cry of treason can now be uttered, to disturb the full concert of rejoicing millions! 
f.ne honor of this nation is established on a firm and impregnable basis ' No clouded 






12 

spot or sinister device tarnishes the bright heraldry of her armorial bearings! u Libet 
ty, Patriotism, Triumph,” are blazoned on her shield, ana * very bar and every image is 
the emblem of some victorious deed, or more victorious suffering! 

Nor are the benefits of our success restricted to the limits of our own land. Our fame 
has gone abroad, borne on the four winds of heaven. Even the partial historians of; 
other climes, and the mercenary minions of foreign despotism, are constrained to admire 
the brilliancy of our national career, and to do reverence to the moral grandeur of our 
unrivalled institutions Thousands and tens of thousands who have escaped from the 
land of captivity and from the house of bondage, are flocking to our shores, lij^pi! 
grims to the “ city of their devotion,” to pay their undissembled homage to the h^^ su¬ 
premacy of freedom. The chord of virtuous and patriotic feeling which our fathers 
struck, is now vibrating in the remotest bounds of the habitable globe ! The golden 
lyre which they waked to melody, is now played by a host of other minstrels! The 
praises of our heroes and statesmen are chanted by innumerable foreign tongues! The 
tears of the unknown philanthropist are this day mingled with a nation’s grief, over the 
fresh graves of her Jefferson and h^r Adams. The patriot of distant regions is at this 
moment pouring with rapture over the page which records the deeds of her Washington 
and surveying with mingled veneration and delight, “ the mild lustre of his morning/ 
and the all-cloudless glory of his “risen day!” 

Nor are the benefits confined to vain enthusiasm or empty adulation. Fired by our 
example, and emulous of our renown, the enslaved of other countries are rising with 
their yokes, and indignantly shaking their fetters. Greece, once “the land of story and 
of song,” but for ages of darkness the chosen theatre of Turkish rapine and ferocity, 
has at length raised her devoted head from the dust, and is now wielding the “avenging 
rod of final retribution.” I trust in God she will prevail! 1 trust that the fair heritage 

of her soil and of her fame, will revert to its rightful proprietors—that, the genius of, 
science wiil resume dominion in her consecrated groves—that the eloquence of Demos¬ 
thenes will again animate her forum—that the plastic virtue of her chisel will be again 
employed in erecting new monuments to perpetuate new deeds of renown—and that 
some inspired bard will take down her long neglected harp from its willow, to celebrate 
the triumphs of her arms and the blessings of her emancipation ! 

Nor is this the limit of our influence. The spirit of freedom, excited and cherished by 
our fathers, has pervaded the whole American continent. Spain,—corrupt, debased, de¬ 
generate Spain,—has been rightfully despoiled of “the brightest jewels in her crown.' 
State after state has thrown off the heavy burthen of her thraldom, and fallen into o»’ 
ranks in glorious succession, to swell tho strong phalanx of liberty, and to extend the 
long line of redeemed and regenerated nations! The bright example of our virtuous; 
struggle and its successful consummation will go down as a rich inheritance to future j 
times* 

“ And ages hence, 

Will this, our goodly scene, be acted o’er, 

In states unborn, and accents yet unknown!” 






































































































































































































































































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